Journal of Lab Animal Research (JLAR) is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal that aims to publish high-quality manuscripts. All accepted articles are published Bi-monthly (25th of February, April, June, August, October, and December) in open-access full text. JLAR publishes the results of original papers, case reports, and reviews on all aspects of the care and use of animals in research with attention to advancements in technology, welfare, and medicine. The DOI prefix code of the journal is 10.58803. Journal Name: Journal of Lab Animal Research Journal initials: JLAR Journal Abbreviation: J. Lab Anim. Res. ISSN: 2980-9703 Publisher: Rovedar DOI Prefix: 10.58803/JLAR Frequency: Bi-monthly ------------------------------------------------ Journal Statistics Average time to preliminary assessment: 7 days Average time to review: 28 days Average time to publish: 35 days Submissions: 14 Accepted articles: 6 Acceptance rate: 42% Accepted Articles Published for Free: 83%
Roles of Artificial Intelligence in Soft Tissue Surgery: A Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) is gradually transforming surgical approaches in human and veterinary medicine, but its application in soft tissue surgery is still in its early stages. The present study aimed to comprehensively examine the roles of AI in soft-tissue surgery and to outline the prospects for using AI in veterinary medicine based on in vivo studies. A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for peer-reviewed articles published from January 2020 to January 2026. Subsequently, 17 studies were selected and evaluated. The current findings indicated that deep learning algorithms, especially convolutional neural networks and computer vision-based models, have been successful in different areas. These areas included preoperative and intraoperative image navigation and recording, automatic detection of tissue edges and differentiation of vital structures from damaged tissues, and guidance of surgical robots during delicate cutting and suturing movements. In vivo studies in small animal models (rats and rabbits) have confirmed the high accuracy of AI-based technologies under physiological conditions, yet there remains a significant gap between these technologies and their routine clinical application in veterinary medicine. Main challenges in translating AI systems from experimental in vivo studies to routine clinical application in veterinary medicine included the need for large amounts of labeled data across different animal species, anatomical variation between breeds, the high cost of robotic hardware, and the lack of common evaluation guidelines. The present study indicated that veterinary medicine is moving towards the development and use of real-time decision-support systems, telesurgery, and multimodal data integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Lab Animal Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Treadmill Exercise and Tryptophan Supplementation on Antioxidant Level, Synaptic mRNA Expression, and Memory Function in High Fat Diet Aging Rats
Introduction: Exercise training with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory supplements plays an effective role in dementia progression, and tryptophan is an essential amino acid that can be supplied through the diet. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise and tryptophan supplementation on brain antioxidant levels, synapsin 1 (SYN1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) mRNA in rats fed a high‑fat diet (HFD). Materials and methods: A total of 75 male rats, 2-3 months old, with an average weight of 527 grams, were randomly assigned to five groups, with five rats per group and three replicates. The first group was administered the standard low-fat diet daily (LF), the second group was administered the HFD daily (HF), the third group was administered the HFD along with a tryptophan supplement at 250 mg/kg/orally (HFTS), the fourth group was given the HFD along with the tryptophan supplement and exercised daily (HFETS), and the fifth group was fed the HFD only and exercised (HFE). Exercise training was performed on a rodent treadmill, three days/week for eight weeks. At the end of the exercise protocol and cognitive analyses (light/dark maze and Barnes maze), rats were euthanized, and brain tissue was collected for real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of brain antioxidant, SYN1, BDNF, and PSD-95 mRNA. Results: The HFD significantly raised serum total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to the low-fat diet, while the HFETS group reduced cholesterol to levels similar to the LF group. In the Barnes maze test, the HFETS group demonstrated the shortest escape time and fewest errors, indicating improved spatial learning, whereas no differences in anxiety-like behavior were observed in the light/dark maze analysis. Additionally, HFE and HFETS groups exhibited higher catalase levels and restored hippocampal PSD-95 expression, while SYN1 expression was increased in all HFD-fed groups compared to the LF group. BDNF expression did not differ significantly across all groups. Conclusion: In aged rats, combining exercise with tryptophan supplementation partially mitigated HFD‑induced metabolic disturbances and improved spatial learning and memory. Exercise alone was more effective than tryptophan supplementation in preventing the adverse effects of an HDF during aging.
Pilot Test of Embryo Transfer in Murine at the National University of La Plata, Argentina
Introduction: Embryo transfer in murine models is a fundamental technique in biomedical studies, particularly in reproductive biology, genetic modification, and transgenic animal production. Successful implementation of this method requires appropriate laboratory infrastructure, technical expertise, and careful standardization of procedures. The present study aimed to report the first pilot embryo transfer in mice at the National University of La Plata, Argentina, and to evaluate the technique's initial feasibility and efficiency. Materials and methods: Embryos were generated by ovarian superovulation in an 8-week-old female C57BL/6J donor mouse using a single intraperitoneal injection of 10 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), followed 48 hours later by 10 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The donor female mouse was subsequently mated with a fertile C57BL/6J male mouse. The following day, the mucus plug in the donor female was examined and then euthanized by cervical dislocation. Single-cell embryos (zygotes) were obtained. Thirteen fresh embryos were surgically transferred into a 12-week-old pseudopregnant Swiss recipient female mouse using the conventional oviductal transfer technique. Results: A pregnancy rate of 61.5% was achieved following embryo transfer. The transferred embryos were one-cell zygotes collected at 0.5 days post-coitum. Eight live pups were delivered at 19.5 days post-coitum and exhibited normal postnatal development. The pups were weaned at 21 days of age. The litter consisted of five males and three females. The administration of preoperative analgesia and the use of a standardized anesthesia protocol contributed to a favorable postoperative recovery in the recipient female mouse. Conclusion: This successful pilot study can help establish local murine strain banks in Argentina, where such infrastructure is currently lacking, and highlights the potential to fully implement and benefit from cryopreservation technologies.
Effects of Complex Semi-Natural Cage System on Rat Welfare using Behavior, Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites and Selected Organ Weights as Indicators
Introduction: Limited space often presents a significant challenge in laboratory animal housing systems, as it restricts the animals' capacity to exhibit species-specific behaviors due to enclosures and structural designs that differ from their natural habitats. The present study aimed to develop a complex caging system (semi-natural cages) equipped with different enrichment items to assess the welfare of rats housed in these cages by observing home-cage behaviors, measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, body weight, and certain organ weights. Materials and methods: Twenty-four, twelve-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 239 ± 19 grams were randomly allocated to three semi-natural and three standard cages (four rats in each cage) and studied weekly for six weeks. Behavioral data were collected from four rats housed in each of the two cage types for five weeks via data-stamped video footage, which was randomly scored using scanning and focal analyses. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FCM) concentrations were measured for six weeks using the Invitrogen progesterone competitive ELISA Kit, adapted for measuring 5a-pregnan-3b,11b,21-triol-20-one competitive enzyme immunoassay. Rats were weighed weekly, and the weights of the brain, thymus, spleen, and adrenal glands were measured at the end of the study. Results: Rats in semi-natural enriched cages were more active than in standard cages. Significantly higher counts of enrichment-directed (U = 617) and non-intake (U = 1,908.5) behaviors were recorded in semi-natural cages compared to the standard cages. The counts of social interaction behaviors were significantly higher in standard cages (U = 2,255) than in semi-natural cages. No significant differences in body weight and organ weights were observed among the rats in the two cage types. Average FCM concentrations indicated periodic fluctuations and an overall upward trend over time in both housing systems. There was no significant difference between the mean FCM concentrations of rats housed in the two cage types. Conclusion: The current findings supported the use of a semi-natural cage-housing system in rats.
CRISPR-Based Genome Editing in Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine: Bridging in Vitro and Animal Models to Clinical Translation
The emergence of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas genome-editing technology represents fundamental changes with significant implications for oral and maxillofacial medicine. The present study aimed to synthesize current evidence from fundamental in vitro studies, engineered animal models, and emerging clinical trials to critically evaluate the potential applications and challenges of this biotechnology. The current review explored the transformative effects of CRISPR-Cas9 in key issues, including developing animal models for oral cancer and hereditary syndromes, ex vivo cell engineering for immunotherapies such as Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell (CAR-T cells) for head and neck cancers, regenerative strategies using CRISPR-enhanced induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for salivary gland and enamel repair, and rapid diagnostic platforms for oral pathogens. Although preclinical data from murine models and organoid systems offered considerable potential for target validation and mechanistic understanding, their adoption in clinical settings is constrained by significant limitations. These limitations included the lack of tissue-specific delivery vectors, including standard lipid nanoparticles or viral vectors, unresolved off-target effects, long-term safety concerns, and complex ethical and regulatory challenges. The most immediate clinical impact was anticipated in two key areas, including CRISPR-based diagnostic tools such as the SHERLOCK platform, used for identifying SARS-CoV-2 variants or drug-resistant tuberculosis, and ex vivo cellular therapies being tested in controlled trials for specific diseases. The current findings indicated that integrating CRISPR into personalized oral healthcare required coordinated efforts to overcome translational barriers, conduct thorough clinical validation, and develop standardized safety and efficacy criterion specific to dental and maxillofacial outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Lab Animal Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clinical Pathology of Renal Amyloidosis in a Captive Population of Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri)
Introduction: Captive tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) are widely used as experimental models for neurological, visual, and infectious disease studies. Despite evidence suggesting a genetic or physiological predisposition to systemic amyloidosis in this species, its clinicopathological characteristics are still poorly understood. The present study aimed to characterize clinicopathological changes associated with systemic amyloidosis in a captive breeding colony of Tupaia belangeri (T. belangeri) and to explore potential early ante-mortem indicators in blood indices, imaging, or clinical examination of the disease. Materials and methods: Nineteen T. belangeri were included in the present study (seven males, 12 females) with a mean age of 3.3 years from a single institutional breeding colony at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany. Fifteen animals underwent standardized ante-mortem clinical assessment, including physical and ophthalmic examination, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, radiography, and abdominal ultrasonography, followed by necropsy and histopathology. Four animals were included solely on the basis of pathological and histological examination due to long intervals between the prior clinical evaluation and necropsy. Amyloid was identified histologically by Congo red staining and confirmed as AA-type by immunohistochemistry. Results: Systemic AA-amyloidosis was detected in 74% of the examined T. belangeri (14/19), predominantly affecting the kidneys and intestines. A significant association was observed between renal cysts and amyloid deposition. An association with urine specific gravity was observed, while no significant associations were identified between amyloidosis and other biochemical, urinary, radiographic, or ultrasonographic parameters, nor with sex, body weight, or age. Conclusion: Systemic AA-amyloidosis appeared to be common in captive T. belangeri, predominantly affecting the kidneys and intestine, while lacking reliable ante-mortem clinical or laboratory indicators, highlighting the need for improved diagnostic approaches.
Evaluation of Injectable Anaesthetic Drugs during Spaying in Rabbits
Introduction: Spaying female rabbits may be necessary to control certain behaviors and prevent pregnancy. Since gaseous anesthesia is unavailable under field conditions, injectable anesthesia is required. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of routine injectable intramuscular anesthetics, including ketamine and xylazine, during the spaying procedure in rabbits. Materials and methods: Five female short-haired rabbits, aged 20-24 months and weighing 1.5-1.7 kilograms, were presented to the Sahidul Alam Quadari teaching veterinary hospital in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured using a thermometer and a stethoscope. The spaying procedure was conducted using aseptic techniques, administering xylazine and ketamine in a single syringe of anesthesia at dosage rates of 5 mg/kg intramuscularly (IM) and 30 mg/kg IM, respectively, for the spaying procedure. Results: All vital parameters were within normal ranges. Injectable anesthetic xylazine at 5 mg/kg of body weight and ketamine at 30 mg/kg of body weight, administered IM, provided effective anesthesia during rabbit spaying without any complications on heart rate and respiration rate, as well as any complications during the surgery procedure. These doses were found to be optimal for field conditions. Conclusion: The present study indicated that successful rabbit spaying can be achieved with IM anesthesia using the recommended doses of ketamine (30 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg).
Roles of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Diagnostic Pathology and Surgical Outcomes in Laboratory Animals: A Systematic Review
Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have opened new horizons in medical sciences, especially in pathology and surgery. Although AI can enhance diagnostic accuracy and surgical outcomes, its widespread clinical use faces challenges such as validation, interpretability, and ethical and legal issues. The present study aimed to examine recent developments in AI across pathology, including automated recognition of pathological images and surgery (robotic surgical assistant systems and predictive outcome analysis). The present study analyzed current challenges in implementing AI and provided a perspective on how it can become a reliable tool to improve the quality of patient care and treatment outcomes. An initial and extensive search was conducted across reputable scientific databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, using relevant keywords. Within the clinical pathology section, this review provided a comprehensive examination of how deep learning algorithms and image processing are automating and enhancing data analysis in cytology, hematology, histopathology, and digital pathology. The ability of AI to discover nuanced patterns in vast datasets, greatly improve diagnostic accuracy, and speed up reporting are all impressive capabilities. One of these challenges is the need for large, standardized datasets for algorithm training. Other challenges include clinical validation, ethical concerns, and early costs. In conclusion, this review anticipates that the integration of AI into clinical pathology and surgical workflows promises enhanced quality of care for laboratory animals alongside more accurate and reliable insights.
Avicenna's Canon of Medicine and Tuberculosis: A Review on Herbal Medicine in Animal Model Research
Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, highlighting the need for new and complementary therapeutic methods and strategies. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of medicinal plants recommended by the renowned Persian physician Avicenna (Ibn Sina) for TB treatment, focusing on their phytochemical compounds and mechanisms of action. The present study combined a historical analysis of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine to identify medicinal plants used for tuberculosis with a systematic literature review (2000-2024) to evaluate their modern pharmacological evidence. The study targeted antimycobacterial, immunomodulatory, and symptom-relief activities using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. The current findings indicated that several plants, including Artemisia absinthium L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Hyssopus officinalis L., Myrtus communis L., Thymus vulgaris L., Rosa damascena Mill., Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Achillea millefolium L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Polygonum aviculare L., Phoenix dactylifera L., and Teucrium polium L., have multifaceted approaches against TB through potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and direct antimycobacterial effects. Bioactive compounds included in these plants, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, are identified as key contributors that reduce oxidative stress, modulate immune responses, inhibit inflammatory mediators such as Interleukin-6, Interleukin-1β, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, and directly suppress Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Furthermore, these compounds help mitigate pulmonary damage and enhance host immune defenses. By integrating Avicenna's traditional knowledge with contemporary pharmacological evidence, the potential of these plants as complementary therapeutic agents for TB was noted.
Errors, Contaminations, and Confounding Factors in in vivo Studies: Challenges and Practical Solutions
In vivo studies remain a cornerstone of biomedical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies, providing critical insights into the safety and efficacy of novel interventions. However, the reliability and translational significance of these experiments are often compromised by methodological mistakes, hidden contaminations, and uncontrolled confounding factors. By identifying threats to validity and offering practical solutions, the current review aimed to enhance reproducibility, reduce unnecessary expenditure of time and resources, and improve the ethical and scientific integrity of in vivo studies. Poor study design, insufficient randomization, and operator-related inconsistencies introduce variability that may obscure true biological effects. Similarly, viral or microbial infections, environmental contaminants in feed or bedding, and cross-contamination between animals can profoundly alter immune, metabolic, or behavioral outcomes, often without being detected until results prove inconsistent. Furthermore, factors such as temperature, light cycles, handling stress, circadian rhythms, and biological characteristics of the animals introduce additional layers of complexity, leading to irreproducible or contradictory findings. The present study consolidated the existing evidence on the primary sources of errors, contamination, and confounding factors in in vivo studies, supported by practical case examples. Additionally, the present study emphasized best practices for mitigation, such as standardizing protocols, following animal research guidelines in in vivo experiments, utilizing specific-pathogen-free animals, continuously monitoring environmental and health parameters, and providing comprehensive staff training. Thus, emerging solutions such as automation, artificial intelligence, and the increasing incorporation of in vitro and in silico alternatives were explored as methods to decrease reliance on animal testing models.
Total Mouth Periodontitis Score as a Research Tool to Quantify Oral Health in Yucatan Minipigs
Introduction: Minipigs are a popular model for many organs in the translational research ecosystem due to their similarities to humans. Minipigs develop naturally occurring periodontal disease, making them a compelling model in orofacial studies. However, periodontal disease influences the inflammatory status, the oral and gastrointestinal microbiome, and could impact the results of studies in porcine models. The present study aimed to adapt the canine total mouth periodontitis scoring (TMPS) system for use in Yucatan Minipigs and to compare the TMPS calculated from a full mouth evaluation to a more efficient TMPS QUICKSCORE. Materials and methods: Computed tomographic images of the skull were obtained from twenty miniature Yucatan pigs (2-13 years, 65-92kg). All animals underwent an oral exam to assess gingival bleeding and periodontal pocket depth. Tooth root area measurements were obtained from CT images of two young, healthy miniature pigs and were used to calculate a weighting factor for each location; buccal and palatal/lingual for incisors and canines, and mesial buccal, distal buccal, mesial palatal/lingual, and distal palatal/lingual for premolars and molars. Weighting factors were used to calculate the contribution of gingivitis and periodontitis to the overall burden of periodontal disease in the mouth (TMPS FULLSCORE). An abbreviated score utilizing a subset of locations was calculated (TMPS QUICKSCORE). Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient was used to assess concordance between FULLSCORE and QUICKSCORE. Spearman's correlation was used to compare scores with age and clinical parameters. Results: Clinically younger animals had less severe disease compared to older animals, although gingival bleeding was present in all animals. The age of the animal was correlated with periodontal pocket depth but not with the degree of gingival bleeding. The extent of periodontal disease was positively correlated with periodontal pocket depth and gingival bleeding. High concordance between TMPS FULLSCORE and QUICKSCORE was found. Conclusion: The current TMPS scoring system provided a fast and convenient way to quantify and monitor periodontal disease in Yucatan Minipigs. The TMPS is a helpful metric to describe the level of disease in animals, as advanced periodontal disease has downstream effects that alter findings in many body systems.
Nano-carrier-based Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 for Oncolytic Gene Therapy: Insights from Xenograft Models
The CRISPR-Cas9 system has revolutionized genome editing, offering unprecedented precision and efficiency in gene modification. Its potential in cancer therapy, particularly oncolytic gene therapy, has garnered significant attention, especially with the development of advanced delivery platforms. However, effective and safe in vivo delivery of CRISPR components remains a major barrier to clinical translation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of viral and non-viral nanocarrier systems for CRISPR-Cas9 delivery, with a particular focus on their application in xenograft models of cancer. The present study aimed to bridge the gap between molecular innovation and therapeutic application by evaluating the efficiency and safety of CRISPR-Cas9 delivery systems in preclinical oncology models. The mechanisms and classifications of viral vectors, including adeno-associated viruses (AAV), lentivirus, and adenovirus, were emphasized, highlighting their strengths in gene transfer efficiency, while addressing concerns over immunogenicity, genome integration, and scalability. Subsequently, non-viral nanocarriers, including lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymeric systems, dendrimers, and metallic nanoparticles, have emerged as safer and more customizable alternatives. Key considerations, including stability, endosomal escape, payload capacity, and tumor targeting, are evaluated, supported by findings from recent xenograft-based studies. A direct comparison between viral and non-viral systems was presented, emphasizing differences in transfection efficiency, biosafety, immunological responses, and gene-editing precision in preclinical tumor models. The clinical relevance of CRISPR-based oncolytic strategies was examined, along with their integration with other cancer therapies. Additionally, the emerging challenges of immune evasion, tumor heterogeneity, and delivery barriers were evaluated. In addition, the regulatory and ethical dimensions surrounding genome editing in cancer therapy are addressed, including long-term safety concerns, germline editing considerations, and global disparities in clinical oversight. The discussion concluded with an examination of future perspectives, highlighting strategic improvements in delivery technologies and validation pipelines. Xenograft models were proposed as a means to accelerate clinical translation.
Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Aframomum Pruinosum Seeds in Wistar Rats’ Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury
Introduction: Aframomum pruinosum seeds have been widely used in traditional medicine to treat lung infections as a cytoprotective plant-derived medicine. The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of A. pruinosum in Wistar rats subjected to bleomycin-induced lung injury. Materials and methods: Bleomycin was administered subcutaneously on the first, second, and third day of the study, and other substances (Indomethacin 2 mg/kg and aqueous extract 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) by oral route through water. Thirty-five Wistar rats (5-week-old) were divided into seven groups of five rats each, normal rats (Group 1) received distilled water (5 mL/kg), and control group of A. pruinosum aqueous extract (Group 2) to observe its adverse effects, received the highest dose of A. pruinosum (400 mg/kg), the negative group (Group 3) received bleomycin 0.3 mg/kg and distilled water 5 mL/kg, positive group (Group 4) received bleomycin 0.3 mg/kg and indomethacin 2 mg/kg, Group 5 received bleomycin 0.3 mg/kg and aqueous extract of A. pruinosum 100 mg/kg, Group 6 received bleomycin 0.3 mg/kg and aqueous extract of A. pruinosum 200mg/kg, and Group 7 received bleomycin 0.3 mg/kg and aqueous extract of A. pruinosum 400 mg/kg. GraphPad Prism 8.0.1.244 was used to compare data. Results: The body weight of rats (group 3) exposed to bleomycin has decreased compared to the normal group. Groups exposed to bleomycin and treated with indomethacin or aqueous extract have increased body weight compared to the negative group. Co-treatment of bleomycin and aqueous extract of A. pruinosum (400 mg/kg) significantly increased lung weight compared to the negative control. Administration of aqueous extract of A. pruinosum (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the levels of Interleukin 1 beta, TNF-α, Interleukin 1 beta, and increased Interleukin 10 level compared to the negative control. Co-treatment of bleomycin and aqueous extract significantly alleviated the toxic effects of bleomycin in oxidative parameters, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde, and protein, compared to the negative control, and protected the rats against oxidative damage. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of A. pruinosum seeds had anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential effects, which might be considered an effective therapeutic against lung lesions.
Effects of Polyvinyl Alcohol – Hydroxyapatite Composite Ceramic on Calvarial Defects with Critical Size in Rat Models
Introduction: Biodegradable composite biomaterials are essential in healthcare, effectively tackling numerous complex challenges. Bone reconstruction is a surgical procedure aimed at remedying segmental bone loss, which is notably complicated and often fails to heal properly. A novel bone graft substitute incorporating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) has been developed and is tested in vivo in calvarial defect models of rat. The present study aimed to evaluate the bone regeneration potential of PVA – HA composite bone graft. Materials and methods: A total of 24 adult male Wistar rats aged 12-15 weeks with an average weight of 150 grams were used in the current study. A 4 mm full-thickness critical-size defect was created on the parietal bone and filled with the pre-sized graft material. Radiography, micro-computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, histology, and serum biochemical parameters, including alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activity, were utilized to evaluate the healing potential of the graft material. The animals were observed for twelve weeks. An immediate postoperative dorsoventral view of the skull was exposed at day zero and subsequent radiographs were taken periodically at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 in a group including 24 animals. Results: Immediate post-operative radiographs revealed the radiolucent nature of the graft material. Throughout the healing process, it was observed that the graft remained in position and was intact. The values of serum biochemical parameters alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activity) were haphazard throughout the observation period. In the 8th week, signs of progressive degradation of the graft material and bone regeneration could be seen, particularly on radiography, micro-CT scanning electron microscopy, and histologic examination. Conclusion: It is concluded that the test graft material successfully accelerated bone regeneration and completely integrated with the host bone at week 12 of the experiment in the rat model.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Lab Animal Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficient and Safe Induction of Diabetes in Experimental Animals: A Review on Alternative Models and Techniques
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a multitudinous metabolic disorder that can occur due to insufficient or inefficient levels of insulin that leads to hyperglycemia. In many conditions, diabetes can also directly or indirectly lead to other functional disorders such as dyslipidemia and hypertension making them more severe and life-threatening. It is believed that Type 1 Diabetes can be caused by to process of auto-immune destruction of beta-cells of Islet of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for the production of insulin whereas Type 2 diabetes is because of resistance against insulin along with the futilities of beta-cells to compensate the body with the required amount of insulin. The animal models are considered an essential component in the experimental studies and drug discovery process. Animal models provide safety, effectiveness, and dose of the test substance that needs to be extrapolated to human use. There are several methods for the induction of diabetes in experimental animal models. The present review aimed to discuss and explore currently used approaches including models from streptozotocin-induced diabetes to transgenic models for reproducible and safe diabetes induction in different experimental animals (rats, mice, guinea pigs, and dogs) and sex. Additionally, some genetically modified animal models are also included and discussed in this review which will pave the way for further studies.
Effects of Midazolam-Ketamine Anesthesia on the Haematological and Biochemical Parameters Using Haloperidol or Chlordiazepoxide Premedication in Adult Male Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata)
Introduction: It is important to capture wild animals with minimal stress to reduce morbidity and mortality. Oral premedicates have the potential to reduce stress during handling and ease the subsequent administration of anesthetic drugs. This study was conducted to evaluate the hematological and serum biochemical changes associated with anesthesia in male Bonnet Macaques using haloperidol or chlordiazepoxide premedication. Materials and methods: Twelve adult male Bonnet Macaques aged around 4 to 6 years were randomly allotted to two groups of six each. The duration of the study was five hours. Animals of Group I were administered chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg body weight) orally and animals of Group II were administered haloperidol (1 mg/kg body weight) orally four hours before anesthetizing with the intramuscular injection of midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg). Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte, total leucocyte count, the volume of packed red cells, granulocyte, monocyte, and lymphocyte count were evaluated. Biochemical parameters such as creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, cortisol, glucose, calcium, sodium, and potassium were evaluated from the venous blood sample collected at 0th minute and 30th minute after induction of anesthesia. Results: The results of the current study indicate that in hematological parameters, the volume of packed cells was significantly different at 0th and 30th minute in both groups. The total leucocyte count was significantly different at 0th and 30th minute in Group I and Group Ⅱ, and the monocyte count was significantly different at 0th and 30th minute in Group I. For biochemical parameters, a significant difference was observed in creatine kinase in group II at 0th and 30th minute and cortisol at time 0th between Group I and Group II. Conclusion: These results highlight the impact of anesthesia protocols on stress responses in Bonnet Macaques. Haloperidol premedication was linked to a greater increase in cortisol and creatine kinase, indicating higher stress and muscle damage compared to chlordiazepoxide.
Effect of Katuk Leaves (Sauropus androgynus) on Haematology Profile of Infected Rats with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a formidable pathogen, causing severe infections in humans and animals, often leading to local and systemic inflammation. In light of this, it becomes imperative to explore novel therapeutic avenues. One such promising approach is the utilization of herbal-derived antioxidants, with katuk leaves (Sauropus androgynus) being a prime example. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of katuk leaf extract (KLE) against systemic MRSA infection in rat models. Materials and methods: This study used 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into six groups including, healthy rats (Group C), infected rats without treatment (Group K), infected rats + 100 mg vancomycin per kg BW (Group V), infected rats + 1,000 mg/kg BW of KLE (Group T1), infected rats + 2,000 mg/kg BW of KLE (Group T2), and infected rats + 4,000 mg/kg BW of KLE (Group T4). The therapy was given twice daily for seven days. On the final day, the blood and sera were collected and tested against total erythrocytes, leucocytes, indices of erythrocytes, differential leucocyte count, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results: The findings showed that the administration of 4,000 mg/kg BW of KLE potentially leads to more favorable changes in haematological parameters compared to the healthy group, particularly for hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, and CRP. Additionally, the 4,000 mg/kg BW of KLE increases the ratio of lymphocytes/neutrophils compared to the other groups. Conclusion: The KLE has the critical benefit of being a systemic antibacterial agent against MRSA at a dosage of 4,000 mg/kg BW, especially in improving the haematological profile and CRP in rat models.
Experimental Animal Models of Human Depression: Understanding the Mechanism of Anti-depressant Agents
Experimental animal models are considered an important scientific tool used to understand the pathogenesis of depression and the mechanism of anti-depressant agents. Human depression is a unique and complex process of multifactorial etiologies. The research-based evidence suggested that a functional deficiency of norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT), and other neurotransmitters result in depression. A mood alteration disease associated with neurotransmitter dysfunction or psychological stress. There are numerous experimental animal models available to screen antidepressant drugs, but their precise pathophysiology is not entirely well-known. The present review focused on depression assay studies that used a variety of experimental models, including acute stress models such as the forced swim test, models of prolonged physical or social stress such as social defeat, genetic models of secondary depression, and other experiments meant to clarify the mechanisms of antidepressant medications.
The Role of Cannabinoid Receptors in Visceral Pain Sensation of Rat: An Interventional Study
Introduction: Visceral pain, originating from internal organs, represents a challenging aspect of pain management due to its intricate mechanisms and often debilitating nature. Understanding the underlying pathways involved in visceral pain perception is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies. The current study aimed to delve into recent advancements in the understanding of cannabinergic modulation of visceral pain perception, focusing on findings from interventional studies utilizing animal models, particularly rats. Materials and methods: A total of 30 male rats aged 3 months, with an average weight of 220 g were randomly divided into 3 groups. The groups contained the control group which received an intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, the second group received an intraperitoneal injection of anandamide (2 mg/kg), and the third group received an intraperitoneal injection of tramadol (20 mg/kg). The pain in all groups was assessed by an acetic acid test. Results: The data obtained from the intraperitoneal injection of anandamide to the rats of the experimental group showed a significant decrease in the amount of perceived visceral pain compared to the control group. In addition, the results showed that tramadol injection significantly decreased visceral pain in experimental group 2 compared to the control group. A comparison of the mean experimental groups 1 and 2 showed tramadol as an opioid agonist reduced visceral pain perception to a greater extent than anandamide. Conclusion: The current study provides evidence for the involvement of cannabinoid receptors in the modulation of visceral pain sensation in rats.
The Effect of Systemic Administration of Monoterpenes on Visceral Pain in an Animal Model
Introduction: Pain is one of the primary and fundamental issues associated with various diseases that every individual will encounter throughout their lifetime. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids are commonly used for pain control, but they have significant side effects. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of systemic administration of monoterpenes on visceral pain in an animal model. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 30 male albino rats weighing approximately 21 to 25 grams were used. The rats were randomly divided into three groups of 10. The control group did not receive any drug, while the first treatment group received d-limonene orally at a dose of 10 milligrams per kilogram, known as a monoterpene compound. The second treatment group received tramadol orally at a dose of 20 milligrams per kilogram. To assess the effects of monoterpenes on colonic pain, intraperitoneal injection of 6% acetic acid (4 mg/kg) was used, and the number of reflex contractions, which could be easily distinguishable and lasted for several seconds, was observed and counted for 90 minutes. Data were collected and averaged every 5 minutes and then subjected to initial statistical analysis. Results: A significant difference in terms of visceral pain was observed between these two groups. The rats in the first treatment group that received limonene perceived significantly less visceral pain than those in the control group. The findings indicated a significant difference between treatment groups 1 and 2, meaning that tramadol creates a greater analgesic effect. Conclusion: This finding suggests that monoterpenes cannot produce the same level of analgesic effects on visceral pain as opioids.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Lab Animal Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advances in Nanotechnology for Enhanced Leukemia Therapy: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies
Introduction: Leukemia, a heterogeneous group of blood cancers, can present a significant clinical challenge due to its varying subtypes and complexity. The application of nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of leukemia. Based on in vivo studies, this systematic review provided an accurate and current assessment of nanotechnology therapeutic advances in leukemia treatment. Materials and methods: The present systematic review focused on in vivo studies investigating the therapeutic potential of nanotechnology for leukemia treatment. Comprehensive searches were conducted across significant databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, to identify relevant publications. Selection criteria encompassed studies that employed animal models to assess nanotechnology effects on leukemia progression. Data extracted from selected articles were rigorously analyzed. This review included studies published between 2010 and 2022. Results: Based on the inclusion criteria, 24 relevant studies were identified. According to the findings of this review, nanotechnology has made substantial progress in the treatment of leukemia, as demonstrated by in vivo studies. Advanced nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, precision gene therapies, and targeted therapeutic approaches have consistently exhibited superior outcomes in treating various leukemia subtypes in animal models. These compelling results emphasize the transformative potential of nanotechnology for leukemia therapy. Conclusion: In summary, the meticulous analyses of the in vivo studies underscore the role that nanotechnology plays in the advancement of the treatment of leukemia. Nanotechnology has demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models, indicating that it can be translated into clinical applications, offering new avenues for treating leukemia and reinforcing its position as an innovative therapeutic approach.
The Use of Curcumin in the Treatment of Colorectal, Breast, Lung, and Prostate Cancers: An In Vivo study Update
Introduction: Cancer is one of the most prevalent and complex diseases with diverse etiology and manifestations. Curcumin is a bioactive compound found in turmeric and could have therapeutic potential for cancer due to its antitumor properties. Curcumin's properties in treating various types of cancer have been reviewed in this systematic review based on in vivo studies. Materials and methods: This systematic review focused on in vivo studies examining Curcumin's anti-cancer properties across a broad range of cancer types. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched to identify relevant articles. Researchers selected studies evaluating Curcumin's effects on cancer progression and development based on animal models. Final analyses were conducted on the data obtained from the selected articles. The included studies were published between 2000 and 2023. Results: The current systematic review was based on 53 articles out of 412 eligible studies, which were selected from 770 articles of literature screened from 2000 to 2023. Based on this review, in vivo studies have demonstrated that curcumin can potentially treat various cancers. There is evidence that curcumin has significant anti-cancer properties, including tumor growth inhibition, metastasis inhibitory activity, and angiogenesis. Several studies have demonstrated the versatility and potential of curcumin in treating cancer. Conclusion: Curcumin has considerable cancer treatment potential, based on the in-vivo studies. For curcumin to be considered an effective cancer therapy, further clinical research is needed between preclinical and clinical trials.
Advancements in the Utilization of Metal Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Treatment: An In Vivo Studies Update
Breast cancer continues to pose a significant threat to women’s health around the globe, requiring continuous research and innovation in treatment. In recent years, metal nanoparticles have emerged as a promising means of treating breast cancer with greater precision and efficiency. The in vivo studies have indicated that metal nanoparticles, such as gold, silver, and platinum, have demonstrated a remarkable ability to selectively target breast cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. These nanoparticles’ size, shape, and surface chemistry can be altered to enhance their biocompatibility, stability, and drug-loading capacity. They are also highly versatile for therapeutic applications due to their unique physicochemical properties, such as drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and imaging. This review focuses on recent in vivo studies evaluating metal nanoparticles’ safety and efficacy in treating breast cancer. Several studies have demonstrated that metal nanoparticles can trigger apoptosis, inhibit tumor growth, and reduce metastasis in cancer cells. Furthermore, using these nanoparticles with traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy has demonstrated a synergistic effect, enhancing treatment efficacy. This review also examines the challenges and concerns associated with the clinical translation of metal nanoparticles. Factors like biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and long-term safety profiles are discussed in the context of regulatory approval and patient-specific considerations. In conclusion, this review highlights the evolving landscape of breast cancer treatment with the development of metal nanoparticles, as evidenced by recent in vivo studies. In addition to their therapeutic versatility, these nanoparticles can potentially improve patient outcomes and decrease the burden of breast cancer on society.
Exploiting the Powerful Anti-tumor Effects of Salmonella Typhimurium: Systematic Review
Introduction: Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) has emerged as a promising agent for cancer therapy. This systematic review aims to comprehensively analyze the existing literature regarding the utilization of S. typhimurium as a therapeutic strategy against cancer. The present systematic review aimed to evaluate the current state of knowledge regarding the anti-tumor properties of S. typhimurium, encompassing its tumor-targeting mechanisms, impact on tumor growth, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and potential for combination therapies. Materials and methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across major scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, using predefined search terms. Studies published between 2000 and 2023 were included if they investigated the anti-tumor effects of S. typhimurium in vivo. Studies were independently screened, selected, and evaluated for quality by two reviewers. Results: The systematic review identified 152 relevant studies that met the inclusion criteria. These studies collectively demonstrated the ability of S. typhimurium to selectively target and colonize tumors, resulting in significant tumor growth inhibition in various cancer types. Mechanistic insights revealed that S. typhimurium can induce direct cytotoxicity, modulate the tumor microenvironment, and activate anti-tumor immune responses. Additionally, studies highlighted the potential of combining S. typhimurium with conventional therapies or immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Conclusion: This systematic review underscores the promising potential of S. typhimurium as a novel and multifaceted approach to cancer therapy. The accumulated evidence suggests that S. Typhimurium possesses inherent tumor-targeting capabilities, exerts direct anti-tumor effects, and can synergize with other treatment modalities.
Hydrogel Dressings: Multifunctional Solutions for Chronic Wound Healing; Focusing on In-Vivo Studies
Approximately, 1 to 2% of the population in developed countries suffer from chronic wounds. Nearly 6.5 million Americans have suffered at least one chronic wound. Chronic wound treatment is critical for patients to maintain their mental and physical well-being and improve their life quality. Chronic wounds can be treated in various ways, including hyperbaric oxygen therapy, debridement, ultrasound, skin grafts, negative pressure wound therapy, electromagnetic therapies, and hydrogel dressings. Hydrogels are among the most viable and promising options since their tunable characteristics, such as adhesiveness, antimicrobial and biodegradability, pre-angiogenic bioactivities, and anti-inflammatory, are beneficial to healing chronic wounds. In in vivo studies utilizing animal models, hydrogel dressings emerged as multifunctional solutions for chronic wound healing. These investigations consistently demonstrated that hydrogel dressings accelerated wound healing rates compared to traditional methods and maintained an optimal moist wound environment, which fostered tissue regeneration while minimizing scarring. Moreover, the remarkable biocompatibility of hydrogel dressings became evident in these animal model experiments, as they showed minimal adverse reactions in chronic wound patients. The results of these in vivo studies collectively highlight the promising potential of hydrogel dressings as a versatile therapeutic option for effectively managing chronic wounds. This review discusses dressings made of hydrogel in animal models for their multifunctional properties and potential benefits in treating chronic wounds. The efficacy of hydrogel dressings over other kinds of dressings is also demonstrated by providing examples of commercially available hydrogel dressings.
In Vivo Stem Cell Discoveries: Promising Implications in Cancer Therapy
The remarkable regenerative abilities and versatility of stem cells have long attracted researchers. Recently, in vivo studies have revealed exciting results related to stem cells, particularly their use in cancer treatment. This review will provide an overview of these discoveries and their broader implications for the future. There is growing in vivo evidence that stem cells have immense therapeutic potential in treating various diseases, including cancer, because of their self-renewal and differentiation capabilities. As a result of in vivo research, critical aspects of stem cell behavior within tumor microenvironments have been clarified, providing a deeper understanding of their potential therapeutic utility. Several in vivo studies have demonstrated the potential of stem cell-engineered tumor-targeting agents or therapeutic payloads for the precise delivery of medicinal drugs when these agents are engineered to express them in tumor cells. Through targeted therapies, off-target effects can be minimized, and the therapeutic index of the anti-cancer agents can be improved. Several stem cell-based delivery systems have shown remarkable efficacy in preclinical in vivo studies, including breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer, indicating their potential as a novel therapeutic strategy. Moreover, in vivo studies have revealed that the immunomodulatory properties of stem cells modulate the immune response and modify the tumor microenvironment to suppress it. In particular, using checkpoint inhibitor therapy with stem cells has paved the way for innovative immunotherapeutic strategies. Research on stem cells in vivo has also provided invaluable insights into stem cell biology and their interaction with cancer cells. Due to these findings, there is an increasing understanding of tumor initiation, progression, and resistance mechanisms, which has opened avenues for improving cancer treatment by developing more effective treatments. As a result of the in vivo studies that have taken place so far, there is a wealth of information regarding the potential of stem cells in cancer treatment. This research opens up exciting prospects for the future of oncology, from the delivery of targeted drugs to immunomodulation and improving our understanding of tumor biology.
Anti-cancer Potential of Hydatid Cyst-Derived Antigens: In Vivo Insights
The global healthcare challenge of cancer remains challenging, requiring innovative approaches to identify potential anticancer agents. The intriguing anti-tumor properties of hydatid cysts produced in their larval stage by Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) have attracted the attention of many scientists in recent years. This review aimed to delve deeper into the in vivo anticancer effects of hydatid cyst-derived antigens and shed light on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications for various cancer types. Several bioactive molecules in E. granulosus antigens have shown significant anti-cancer activity in vivo. Several studies have shown that administering these antigens reduced tumor size while increasing overall survival in breast cancer models. The immune response against tumor cells in lung cancer murine models has also been enhanced by E. granulosus antigens, such as antigen B, leading to the regression of tumors and enhanced immunity. Colon cancer cells are sensitized to these antigens as indicated by in vivo studies, rendering standard chemotherapy more effective at inhibiting tumor growth. E. granulosus antigens also reduce tumor metastasis when applied to in vivo melanoma models. E. granulosus antigens have demonstrated in vivo efficacy as a potential anticancer agent, underscoring their potential as valuable therapeutic agents. There is still much to be discovered about the exact mechanisms of these antigens and their clinical applicability. However, the impressive results observed across a wide range of cancer types underscore the significance of further research into the antigens to overcome cancer in vivo. In conclusion, animal model studies reveal the promising potential of E. granulosus antigens, particularly hydatid cyst fluid, in inhibiting tumor growth in colon, breast, melanoma, and lung cancers through immune-mediated mechanisms and apoptosis induction. These findings open up new avenues for cancer therapy and immunotherapy research, emphasizing the role of parasite antigens in combatting various cancer types.
Ameliorative Effects of Vitamin C and Methanolic Extract of Broccoli on Cyclophosphamide-induced Poisoning in Ovary of Rat
Introduction: Considering the importance of using herbal compounds to reduce the side effects of cyclophosphamide (CPH), the current study aimed to evaluate the effects of broccoli extract and Vitamin C on ovarian poisoning with CPH. Materials and methods: Four equal groups of 48 adult female Wistar rats were formed. The first group that was control received physiological saline orally without treatment. A 200 mg/kg dose of CPH was administered intraperitoneally to the second group. For the third group, CPH was supplemented with 300 mg/kg of Vitamin C, and methanol extract of broccoli 300 mg/kg was used in the fourth group. The serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and ovarian tissue glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), were measured. At the end of the study, the ovarian tissue was cut and stained for histopathological investigations. Results: Ovarian tissue GPx, CAT, and SOD values indicated a significant decrease in the CPH group compared to other groups. In the CPH plus broccoli group, there was a significant decrease in MDA ovarian tissue and IL-1 and TNF-α in serum, compared to the CPH group. There were significant negative changes in ovarian cells of the CPH group, compared to the control and other treatment groups. Conclusion: The current study suggested that administrating broccoli extract plus CPH could increase the superior antioxidant potential, compared to Vitamin C. This can potentially decrease CPH-induced damage to the ovary of rats, thereby improving their fertility status.
Prevalence of Parasitic Intestinal Infections in livestock in Kalat, Iran
Introduction: Rodents are the largest group of mammals and act as a reservoir for many common human diseases, leading to societal health and economic problems. Due to the different prevalence rates of rodent-borne parasitic infections in various regions, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in wild and domestic rodents in Kalat County, located in the north of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, in 2016. Materials and methods: The study was performed using a descriptive method on 86 mountainous and domestic rodents randomly caught using live traps. After anesthesia and species identification, the gastrointestinal tract was dissected, and the digestive system worms were separated and preserved in 10% formalin until identification. The nematodes were clarified with lactophenol and stained with carmine acid. All worms were identified using diagnostic keys, and the results were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: The prevalence of gastrointestinal worm infections in rodents in the study area was 75.5%. The captured rodents in this area included Microtus 46 (53.4%), Mus musculus 15 (17.4%), Pikas 13 (15.1%), Apodemus agrarius 11 (12.7%), and Allactaga elater 1 (1.1%). Six species of nematodes and one cestode species were identified in this study. The prevalence of parasitic infections shared between humans and rodents included Syphacia obvelata (83%), Aspicularis tetraptera (18.5%), Trichuris fossor (16.9%), Hymenolepis nana (6.1%), Heligmosomoides polygyrus (10.7%), and Nipostrongylus braziliensis (1.5%). Capillaria spp were found in 1.5% of rodents. Conclusion: The results revealed a high prevalence of gastrointestinal worm infections in rodents, with an overall prevalence rate of 75.5% in Kalat, Iran. These findings highlight the potential health risks associated with rodent-borne parasitic infections in the study area and emphasize the importance of implementing effective control and prevention measures to mitigate the impact on human health and the local economy.
The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Echinococcus granulosus Treatment: A Prospective Review
Hydatid cyst disease is a serious parasitic infection caused by the larvae of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The disease affects millions of people worldwide, especially in regions, where dogs are used for livestock herding. Treating hydatid cysts is difficult and often involves invasive surgical procedures that risk complications. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has emerged as a promising new approach for treating hydatid cyst disease. This study aimed to explore the properties and therapeutic potential of MSCs, their role in the treatment of hydatid cyst disease, and the advantages of using MSC therapy in comparison with traditional treatment methods. The MSCs are adult stem cells found in various tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord tissue. The MSCs can differentiate into various cell types and modulate the immune response. This makes them a potentially valuable tool for treating infectious diseases, including hydatid cyst disease. Several studies have shown that MSC therapy can improve the outcomes of hydatid cyst disease. The MSCs were able to significantly reduce the cysts' size and decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The MSC therapy has several advantages rather to traditional treatment methods for hydatid cyst disease. The MSC therapy is minimally invasive and carries a lower risk of complications than surgical procedures. MSC therapy can also be combined with other treatments, such as albendazole, to improve the efficacy of the treatment. In conclusion, MSC therapy could revolutionize the treatment of hydatid cyst disease. More research is needed to fully understand MSC therapy's mechanisms and optimize the treatment protocols. However, the promising results of initial studies suggest that MSC therapy may become an important tool in the fight against hydatid cyst disease.
The Antiparasitic Properties of Allium sativum: Can it be Used as a Complementary Treatment for Echinococcosis?
Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) is a parasitic tapeworm that can infect humans and various animal species, causing echinococcosis or hydatid disease. The larval stage of E. granulosus causes this infection and can have serious consequences if left untreated. The larvae hatch in the intermediate host's small intestine and then migrate to the liver or lungs, forming cysts that can grow to several centimeters. Garlic, a plant species scientifically known as Allium Sativum, is used for medicinal purposes due to its various sulfur compounds. This review article aims to critically evaluate the potential of garlic as a natural treatment for echinococcosis, a parasitic disease caused by E. granulosus, based on the available scientific evidence. Garlic have been demonstrated to have antiparasitic effects and can enhance the immune response against E. granulosus. Garlic may inhibit the growth and development of cysts in infected animals and have immunomodulatory effects. Garlic treatment could significantly reduce the number and size of cysts in infected mice. The present review aimed to highlight the potential of garlic as a natural treatment for echinococcosis but emphasized the importance of seeking medical treatment under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Genome Editing: In vivo Review
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been a game-changer in genetics and biotechnology. This study aimed to investigate the existing in vivo uses and their potential to increase our understanding of gene function and biological processes in animal models. With its remarkable precision and accuracy, researchers can now easily edit specific genes within cells and organisms. This technology has opened up new avenues for studying genetic diseases and developing therapies to treat them. One of the most significant advantages of the CRISPR/Cas9 system is its ability to create precise cellular and animal models of human diseases. This allows researchers to investigate the role of genetics in disease development and to develop more effective therapies. For example, the system can correct genetic mutations that cause cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia. The therapeutic potential of CRISPR/Cas9 is enormous, especially in gene therapy. By correcting specific genetic mutations, the system can potentially treat human diseases that are currently untreatable with conventional therapies. However, some challenges still need to be addressed before this technology can be used in clinical settings. Despite these challenges, the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to revolutionize the field of genetics and biotechnology cannot be overstated. Ultimately, this technology has the potential to transform medicine by providing new therapies for a wide range of genetic diseases.
Caenorhabditis elegans as a Valuable Model for Studying Apoptosis and Autophagy in Cancer Development: Current insights, Future directions, and Challenges
Despite significant progress in the fight against cancer, cancer treatment remains a significant public health concern and a societal burden worldwide. To develop better intervention strategies to counter tumor development, it is important to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying oncogenic diseases. In-vivo and in-vitro models have traditionally been utilized to understand the biological processes involved in cancer, including apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, genome instability, and metabolism. The present review aims to look at the way Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) can affect cancer cellular and molecular bases, concentrating on mechanisms like apoptosis and autophagy. In recent years, . elegans has emerged as a promising model organism for studying the molecular basis of tumorigenesis. This model organism is attractive since it is genetically tractable and has a simple and well-understood anatomy. The C. elegans exhibits conserved cellular pathways and mechanisms relevant to human diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, C. elegans has been used to study the roles of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes in tumorigenesis. In conclusion, C. elegans is an emerging animal model that has the potential to facilitate the development of better intervention strategies to prevent or counter tumor development and to advance our understanding of cancer progression with further research.
The Anticancer Potential of Ivermectin: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Implications
Ivermectin is a well-known antiparasitic drug in the macrolide class with a 16-membered ring. It has been used for treating various parasitic diseases, including onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and strongyloidiasis. The present study aimed to review the mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications of Ivermectin as an anticancer agent. It has been used for over three decades, and its safety has been well-established in humans A growing body of evidence suggests that ivermectin has anticancer properties, making it an attractive candidate for treating various types of cancer. The reason is that ivermectin targets multiple signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and STAT3 pathways, to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Inhibition of these pathways by ivermectin leads to suppression of cancer cell growth. Additionally, ivermectin has been shown to induce autophagy, which can lead to programmed cell death in cancer cells. One of the significant advantages of ivermectin as an anticancer drug is its safety profile. Furthermore, it is easily available and affordable, making it a promising alternative to conventional chemotherapy for various types of cancer, including breast, lung, and colon cancer. However, further research is needed to evaluate its clinical effectiveness in humans. Clinical trials are underway to investigate ivermectin's safety and efficacy in cancer treatment. In conclusion, the safety profile and low cost of ivermectin as an anticancer drug have turned it into a feasible alternative to conventional chemotherapy, which needs more investigation.
Isoflavones Potentials for the Treatment of Osteoporosis: An Update on In-vivo Studies
In plant-derived compounds, phytoestrogens are biologically active substances that exhibit various estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. With the increasing prevalence of osteoporosis among older women caused by estrogen deficiency, identifying natural substances that can potentially treat the disease is of utmost significance. This review study aimed to explore how phytoestrogen metabolites mimic mammalian estrogens and prevent bone loss following menopause. Phytoestrogens derived from plants have gained considerable attention due to their similarity to mammalian estrogens and lower impact on sensitive tissues, such as the uterus and breasts. One well-established approach to simulate postmenopausal conditions is by using ovariectomized rats or mice (OVX). The administration of phytoestrogens in the OVX murine model has inhibited osteoclast differentiation, activation, and Pyridinoline secretion. Furthermore, these compounds have been shown to enhance bone formation and increase bone mineral density and the expression levels of various osteoblast markers, such as alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and alpha-1 collagen. Several natural phytoestrogen compounds in plants possess a chemical structure akin to 17 beta-estradiol, a steroid hormone. In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogen, can potentially treat the disease by binding to estrogen receptors on the surface of target cells. Mechanistic investigations have demonstrated that phytoestrogens can retard bone resorption and promote bone formation. Novel approaches in phytoestrogen research could involve investigating the synergistic effects of combining different phytoestrogen compounds, exploring their interactions with other signaling pathways, or assessing their effects on various bone types. Furthermore, identifying novel sources of phytoestrogens could lead to the discovery of new compounds with potent osteoprotective effects.
Bone-marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Wound Healing
Skin is the largest organ in the human and animal body and serves as the first line of defense against the external environment. The present study aimed to summarize the mechanisms underlying the effect of MSCs on wound healing and describe the latest strategies to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. Wounds caused by cuts, abrasions, or burns can disrupt the skin integrity, leading to severe consequences, such as infections, scarring, and reduced mobility. Therefore, effective wound healing therapies are essential to reduce the risk of complications and improve the quality of life for patients. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising therapy for wound healing due to their unique properties. The MSCs are found in various tissues, including the bone marrow, and can differentiate into multiple cell types, including skin cells. Additionally, MSCs can secrete substances with anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties, which play a critical role in the wound healing process. The MSCs can release these substances as soluble molecules, such as growth factors and cytokines, or enclosed within membrane vesicles like microparticles and exosomes. By releasing these substances, MSCs can reduce inflammation, prevent excessive scarring, and promote the growth of new blood vessels, which are crucial for effective wound healing. The MSC-based therapies have indicated promising results for wound healing. However, the optimal dosage, route of administration, and timing of MSC-based treatments for wound healing applications are yet to be determined. Despite the great potential of bone marrow-derived MSCs to improve the healing process of damaged skin caused by wounds and burns, more research is needed to fully understand how MSCs enhance wound healing and optimize their use in clinical settings.
Phytosomes: A Promising Nanocarrier for Enhanced Delivery of Herbal Compounds in Cancer Therapy
Cancer is a life-threatening disease that remains a global health problem, with millions of people diagnosed yearly. Despite significant progress in cancer treatment, conventional chemotherapy still faces several limitations, including poor solubility, low bioavailability, lack of selectivity, and severe side effects. Therefore, alternative therapeutic strategies are necessary to improve cancer therapy. This review aimed to provide an updated overview of phytosome complexes and their potential application in cancer therapy, including their formulation techniques, transportation mechanism through phytosome, and recent investigations on their efficacy in treating different types of cancers. In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach to cancer therapy, as it enables the delivery of therapeutic agents to the tumor site with higher selectivity and efficiency. Phytosomes are a nanotechnology-based drug delivery system conjugating plant extracts or phytoconstituents with phospholipids. This conjugation results in the formation of a complex with improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Phytosomes have been shown to enhance the pharmacokinetic profile of phytoactive compounds, allowing for better targeting and sustained release. Phytosomes of curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin have demonstrated anticancer properties in various in vitro and in vivo models. Moreover, phytosomes have been used to deliver chemotherapeutic agents, such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, and camptothecin, with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity. Phytosome complexes offer a promising platform for cancer therapy due to their ability to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of phytoactive compounds. Incorporating phytosomes in cancer therapy could lead to the development of more effective and less toxic treatments for different types of cancers. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of action of phytosomes and to optimize their formulation for clinical use.
An Investigation of Potentially Zoonotic Helminth Parasites of Allactaga elater in Sarakhs, Iran
Introduction: Rodents are the reservoir of many endoparasites and act as their intermediate or final hosts. This study aimed to assess parasitic helminths of Allactaga elater in Sarakhs, Khorasan Razavi Province, northeastern Iran. Material and methods: From August 2017 to February 2018, 33 Allactaga elater were collected using live traps. All Allactaga elaters were euthanized, and their gastrointestinal tracts were removed and examined to identify parasitic helminths. Finally, parasites were identified using key morphological characteristics. Results: Overall, 91% of Allactaga elaters were infected with helminths, including Syphacia obvelata (86.6%), Aspicularis tetraptera (36.6%), Trichuris spp (13.3%), Heligmosomoides polygyrus (3.3%), Hymenolepis nana (16.6%), Hymenolepis diminuta (16.6%), and Cysticercus fasciolaris (13.3%). Conclusion: Various species of helminths were found in Allactaga elater from the studied area. These findings highlight the importance of this rodent species as a reservoir for zoonotic helminths.
Histopathological and Biochemical Evaluation of Albendazole in the Treatment of Infected Mice with Hydatid Cyst
Introduction: Hydatidosis, caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is a prevalent parasitic disease affecting both humans and animals. Albendazole is currently the most effective drug for treating hydatid cysts. This research aimed to investigate the histopathological and biochemical effects of Albendazole on the liver, lung, and kidney of mice experimentally infected by hydatid cysts. Materials and methods: A total of 20 mice weighing approximately 220 g were used. The rats were randomly divided into the Albendazole group (100 mg/kg/day) and the control group (infected Rats without treatment). At the end of the experiment, tissue samples from the liver, lung, and kidney were collected for histopathological evaluation. Liver blood tests were used to assess liver functions or liver injury (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and bilirubin). Results: After 30 days of daily treatment, the total numbers of cysts, size, and weight of the largest cyst were significantly lower in the Albendazole group, compared to the control group. The study addressed histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, and lungs caused by hydatid cysts, such as tissue necrosis, hemorrhage, and local inflammation, indicating the potential for serious complications and significant damage to these organs. The group treated with Albendazole showed severe histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, and lungs, compared to the control group. This suggests that Albendazole may trigger a more aggressive response in these organs to the cysts, leading to increased tissue damage. In addition, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and bilirubin concentrations revealed a significant increase in the Albendazole group. Conclusion: While Albendazole is an effective drug for treating hydatidosis, it can also cause severe side effects on various organs in the body. Therefore, alternative treatment strategies need to be developed to minimize these adverse effects.
Ameliorative Effect of Methanolic Extract of Broccoli (BMX) on Diclofenac Sodium (DIC)-Induced Oxidative Damage in Rat Kidney
Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential protective effect of the methanolic extract of broccoli against oxidative stress induced by diclofenac in rats. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to cause nephrotoxicity, hence the need to explore the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants. Materials and methods: A total of 48 adult male Wister rats with a maximum age of 2-3 months with an average weight of 220 g were randomly divided into four equal groups (12 in each group The first group was control (C) and fed physiological saline without treatment, the second group was BC which treated with broccoli methanolic extract (BMX) at a dose of 500 mg/kg/Intraperitoneal injection, the third group was DC which treated with diclofenac sodium (DIC, 100 mg/kg, Intra-muscular injection), and the fourth group was BC plus DC which treated diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg, Intra-muscular injection) and broccoli (500 mg/kg/ Intraperitoneal injection). After blood collection, serum was isolated, and urea, creatinine, interleukin-1, and TNF-α were measured in blood serum. In kidney tissue, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. At the end of the study, the samples were taken for histopathological investigation. Results: The results of the present study indicated that diclofenac sodium causes severe kidney damage. The levels of creatinine and urea showed a significant increase in the DC group compared with the control and other treatment groups. The pro-inflammatory biomarkers in blood serum increased in the DC group and significantly decreased in the BC+DC group compared with control and other treatment groups. These changes were in line with the significant decrease of GPx and CAT enzyme levels in the DC group and its increase in the BC group. Malondialdehyde increased in the DC group and reached its lowest level in the BC group. Hyperemic changes, accumulation of inflammatory cells, and bleeding were indicators of diclofenac tissue poisoning reported in the kidney. Conclusion: The results of biochemical and histopathological showed that broccoli extract at the dosage of 500 mg/kg with strong antioxidant potential can drama a protective role against diclofenac damage in the kidney.